Social cash assistance for food security during a disaster: lesson learned from Indonesia

There was a change in the environment and food security threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries, including Indonesia, are forced to allocate funds to reduce the risk of this disaster. The Government Republic of Indonesia, through the Ministry of Social Affairs, has launched a Social Cash Assistance Program for 10 million families affected by COVID-19. This study aims to identify how families affected by COVID-19 take advantage of this social cash assistance. The study was conducted on the beneficiaries of social assistance, in cash transfer of IDR 600,000 (USD 40), per month, for three months. This study involved 2290 beneficiaries as respondents spread across 12 provinces. The sampling technique was the Cohen Manion Morrison Table by proportional stratified random sampling. The findings show that (1) 99% of cash assistance is used for basic needs, especially for food, and (2) cash assistance could be used for basic needs for around two to three weeks, thereby strengthening food security. Recommendations are submitted based on the results of this study related to social cash assistance and food security. The first is that this assistance still needs to be continued until the COVID-19 pandemic is over. It is to help families affected by the COVID-19 pandemic meet their daily needs. Second, most respondents do not have a fixed income during the pandemic, so providing capital and business startups are needed to increase family income sustainably to maintain food security.

Overview of interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia

Background: COVID-19 infection can cause an exaggerated immune response. This immune response is associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6). High IL-6 levels are found in the acute stage of COVID-19, and IL-6 can induce an excessive humoral inflammatory response. This study aimed to provide an overview of IL-6 levels in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. Methods: Descriptive observational study of 102 research subjects. Observations on sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were carried out in this study. Univariate analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25. Results: Patients with symptom onset <7 days had higher IL-6 levels than those with an onset of more than 7 days. Patients with critical degrees have the highest IL-6 levels compared to moderate and severe degrees. Patients with more than 1 comorbid had higher IL-6 levels than patients who had no comorbid or only had 1 comorbid. Patients with <21 days of treatment had higher IL-6 levels than patients with more than 21 days of treatment. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia, with an onset of less than 7 days, a critical degree, and more than 1 comorbidity have higher IL-6 levels.

Uncharted Universe of Educational Technology: Potential Awaits

Educational technological tools are now an integral part of the education industry. Various platforms used for educational purposes were analyzed to find the perception of the learner;however, the major analyzing trends revolve around Zoom, Google meet, Google Classroom, and Institutional LMS, overlooking the evaluation of the perception of Teachly: an Ed-tech application developed by Harvard Kennedy School. The objective of this study is to determine the perception of students at Stamford University (n = 36) who enrolled and completed a semester at Teachly using descriptive statistics. For precision, a slider scale was used to collect data using the Google form in a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were then analyzed using the mean and standard deviation to find the central tendency and the measure of variability. The analysis confirms that the student has a positive perception towards using Teachly covering Walgito's three components of perception, and it also points out some limitations identified by the student which hampers its future implementation. © 2023, North American Business Press. All rights reserved.

Epidemiological and clinical features of the first cohort of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Bahrain

Background: This study investigates the clinical characteristics of the first confirmed cases of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in Bahrain. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study including the first 247 confirmed cases in Bahrain. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted from electronic medical records. Results: Mean Standard Deviation (SD) age of patients was 44.15 (16.5) years. More males were affected by the disease (61%;151/274). Mean (SD) of the duration between confirmation and discharge was 9.8 (5.1) days. Of 247 patients, 4 deaths were reported (1.6%);17.5% (24/137) showed a temperature of >37- on admission, with 4% (6/148) yielding an oxygen saturation of 94% or less. Leukopenia was reported in 36.8% of patients (63/171). One quarter of patients (25.5%) received oseltamivir, 24.7% received hydroxychloroquine sulfate (24.7%), and 1.2% received steroids. Conclusion: In this study, the authors have captured the epidemiological and clinical profiles of the first cases of COVID-19 pertaining to the first wave of the pandemic in Bahrain. The early strict measures may have contributed to the lower incidence as well as lower morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection in Bahrain. Major gaps in our knowledge of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 and its prognosis, outcomes, and associated risk factors indicate the need for further research.

SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection by saliva; an alternative to nasopharyngeal specimen: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: Saliva samples are less invasive and more convenient for patients than naso- and/or oropharynx swabs (NOS). However, there is no US Food and Drug Administration-approved severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapid antigen test kit, which can be useful in a prolonged pandemic to reduce transmission by allowing suspected individuals to self-sampling. We evaluated the performances of High sensitive AQ+ Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test (AQ+ kit) using nasopharyngeal swabs (NPs) and saliva specimens from the same patients in laboratory conditions. Methods: The real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test result was used for screening the inrolled individuals and compared as the gold standard. NP and saliva samples were collected from 100 rRT-PCR positives and 100 negative individuals and tested with an AQ+ kit. Results: The AQ+ kit showed good performances in both NP and saliva samples with an overall accuracy of 98.5% and 94.0%, and sensitivity of 97.0% and 88.0%, respectively. In both cases, specificity was 100%. AQ+ kit performance with saliva was in the range of the World Health Organization recommended value. Conclusion: xOur findings indicate that the saliva specimen can be used as an alternative and less invasive to NPs for quick and reliable SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection.

Nutrigenetics and nutrition aspects in COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19, is a global pandemic and is facing unprecedented challenges. The introduction of several precautions during the pandemic, such as lockdown and long-term isolation, might result in the adoption of poor dietary habits, raising the medium-term risk of noncommunicable diseases. Determining the impact of nutrition is crucial since dietary habits may prevent both nutritional disorders and act as an immunostimulant, assisting in the prevention, treatment, and recovery of patients with viral infections, particularly those with COVID-19. Although there are various medications such as antiviral drugs, interferons, etc., and vaccines to combat COVID-19 but they all have many limitations. There is a high need to move towards a more promising approach to cure this illness. Nutrigenetics involves determining how nutrients and other food ingredients affect gene regulation and gene expression. Nutrigenetics help in identifying a person's unique nutritional needs based on their genetic makeup and the relationship between diet and chronic diseases, which will aid in understanding the etiology of chronic illnesses like cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. For the proper functioning of immune function, a healthy and balanced diet is very necessary. The consumption of macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (vitamins;D, C, E, folate, B6, B12, and minerals;zinc, copper, iron, and selenium) are essential for the normal functioning of the immune function and increased resistance to viral infections such as COVID-19. Gut microbiota plays a very important role in the regulation of the immune system and hence in various viral infections. It has been observed that people suffering from intestinal dysbiosis are more linked to chronic diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases and are at higher risks of COVID-19. The human microbiome is supported by dietary and host-derived nutrients, enabling its survival. Because changes in diet can impact the composition of bacteria in the gut, changes in the microbiota can be linked to changes in nutrition. A number of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been reported to significantly reduce the severity of viral infections as well as enhance intestinal health and general immunity. In conclusion, nutrigenetics is crucial for proper immune functioning and can be a vital tool for boosting the immune system and helping to fight against viral infections such as COVID-19. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 Induced Impacts on Women Workers of Fish and Shellfish Processing Plants in Bangladesh

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) adversely impacted the fisheries sector of Bangladesh, particularly affecting the outcomes for women workers of the fish and shellfish processing plants (FSPPs). This study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on the women workers of the FSPPs by collecting data through 151 questionnaire surveys and two focus group discussions (FGDs) from September to December 2021. During COVID-19, 32.1 % of respondents' food consumption decreased slightly, and 16.6 % reduced drastically. Children of 18.2 % of the respondents had no access, and 16.9 % had insufficient access to online class facilities. Increased livelihood costs and decreased household income posed adverse economic impacts on women. Formal paid hours and overtime job opportunities were reduced because foreign buyers cancelled orders during the pandemic. Gender-based violence and social insecurity increased. Respondents (13.2 %) reported increased mistreatment by their husbands during the pandemic. Women workers' mental health deteriorated as their anxiety and insecurity about life increased during the pandemic. This study recommends overcoming the adverse effect of COVID-19 or COVID-like pandemics in the future. To ensure proper food consumption and reduce adverse economic impacts, the government should offer a special relief package, financial incentives and flexible low-interest loans. Related authorities should ensure that every child has the opportunity and access to participate in online classes during COVID-19 or COVID, like pandemics in the future. © Asian Fisheries Society.

Post-COVID-19 e-learning acceptance and its impact on community college students in Kelantan, Malaysia: A quantitative analysis

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between student motivation, student mindset, computer competency, and behavioural intention to continue using e-learning in the post-COVID-19 era among students at the community colleges in Kelantan, Malaysia. This quantitative study used a self-administered online survey questionnaire, and a convenience sampling method was employed to reach the respondents. Partial least square structural equation modelling (SmartPLS) 4.0 was then used for data analysis. The results of the current study reveal that community college students have a high behavioural intention to continue using e-learning in the post-COVID-19 era, and that behavioural intention positively correlates with student motivation and computer competency. However, there is limited evidence to support the relationship between student mindset and their behavioural intention to continue using e-learning in the post-COVID-19 era. Practically, the findings from this study can be an essential landmark to the management of Community Colleges in determining the direction of future learning in community colleges. © 2023 by the authors.

Successful Role of Data Science In Managing Covid-19 Battle

The corona pandemic's wild and unchecked spread over more than a few months around the world is a worldwide problem. To solve this worldwide issue, information technology innovation is employed along with medicine, biotechnology, and medical equipment. The fight against COVID-19 is greatly aided by Machine-Learning (ML), Artificial-Intelligence (AI), and data science (DS). By utilising such technologies, there is a good chance that the pandemic may be stopped, and that life can return to normal, as it did before the pandemic. In this essay, many technologies are analysed in relation to various situations, including social exclusion and prevention, confinement and isolation, corona virus testing and detection, management of the hospital, patient care, and therapy. This study provides transparent planning, technological techniques, digital procedures, together with the most recent smart technology in a number of disciplines, to battle the severity of the coronavirus. © 2023 IEEE.

The Dynamics of Learning Loss for Elementary Students Jakarta in the New Normal

This study aims to determine the occurrence of learning loss in the new normal era due to sudden changes in the online learning process for elementary school students in Jakarta. This study uses a case study qualitative research method to analyse the causes of learning loss in elementary school students. There are five research stages: test questions, observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects were 30 grade IV elementary school students in Jakarta and one grade IV teacher. The results of this study stated that as many as 33.33% ofelementary school students did not experience learning loss, and as many as 66.67% of students experienced learning loss.

Continuous Sign Language Interpretation to Text Using Deep Learning Models

The COVID-19 pandemic has obligated people to adopt the virtual lifestyle. Currently, the use of videoconferencing to conduct business meetings is prevalent owing to the numerous benefits it presents. However, a large number of people with speech impediment find themselves handicapped to the new normal as they cannot communicate their ideas effectively, especially in fast paced meetings. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce an enriched dataset using an action recognition method with the most common phrases translated into American Sign Language (ASL) that are routinely used in professional meetings. It further proposes a sign language detecting and classifying model employing deep learning architectures, namely, CNN and LSTM. The performances of these models are analysed by employing different performance metrics like accuracy, recall, F1- Score and Precision. CNN and LSTM models yield an accuracy of 93.75% and 96.54% respectively, after being trained with the dataset introduced in this study. Therefore, the incorporation of the LSTM model into different cloud services, virtual private networks and softwares will allow people with speech impairment to use sign language, which will automatically be translated into captions using moving camera circumstances in real time. This will in turn equip other people with the tool to understand and grasp the message that is being conveyed and easily discuss and effectuate the ideas. © 2022 IEEE.

Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Cardiac Transplant Recipients: 5 Months Follow-Up after the 3rd Dose

Vaccination against COVID 19 has been shown to improve outcomes after transplant. There are prior reports of vaccines leading to sensitization in transplant recipients, however, little is known about the development of de novo (dn) anti-HLA antibodies (abs) after COVID-19 vaccination (COVAX). The purpose of this study was to prospectively survey immunological markers in heart transplant recipients after receiving their 3rd dose of COVAX. Thirty-one subjects (mean 30 months post-transplant) were evaluated 1, 3and 5 months after COVAX. Single antigen bead assay for anti-HLA abs (thresholdMFI >1000), COVID-19 spike abs (threshold ≥250 U/mL) and donor/recipientcell free DNA testing (threshold ratio >.12) were performed. (Table 1, Fig 1): Over 5 months, 32% of subjects developed dn anti-HLA abs and 19%developed dn donor specific abs (DSA). Antibodies developed by 1 month with titers decreasing by 5 months. All sensitized subjects developed Class II antibodies, with 60% having concomitant Class I. One of four subjects with pre COVAX DSAs had a significant rise after COVAX. No significant cellular or antibody mediated rejection was seen during follow up, but 32% of subjects demonstrated a new rise in cell free DNA. We did not see a temporal relationship between intercurrent COVID infection and dn DSA during study follow up. After the 3rd COVAX dose, one third of subjects developed dn anti-HLA abs and one fifth dn DSAs. These preliminary findings warrant further study, especially as additional boosters are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Heart & Lung Transplantation is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Vulnerability of Jobs to Mobility Restrictions: Malaysia's Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Using the mobility restrictions implemented by Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, this paper relies on detailed data on employment patterns and on the possibility to work from home and without physical proximity to estimate the extent and distribution of jobs most vulnerable to mobility restrictions. It finds that about 64.5 per cent of jobs in Malaysia cannot be performed from home, after adjusting for Internet access, while about 50.9 per cent of jobs require high levels of physical proximity. These are the jobs that are most vulnerable to strict mobility restrictions, such as those imposed during the pandemic. Workers most at risk are primarily those with relatively low education, low level of income and advanced or very young age. Jobs in less developed regions of Malaysia are also particularly vulnerable. Against this backdrop, the paper argues that Malaysia's experience during the COVID-19 pandemic provides some vital lessons in supporting those who are most vulnerable to job losses during mobility restrictions. These lessons include improving the targeting of cash transfers, scaling up wage subsidies in supporting worker retention and hiring and leveraging upskilling/reskilling initiatives with a focus on non-routine cognitive analytical and interpersonal skills. © 2022 ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.

Review of Essential Amendments in Indian Higher Education with Special Reference to COVID-19 Pandemic and National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

India's aspirations to become a major player in the global knowledge economy are fundamentally dependent on high-quality higher education. The availability of faculty with the necessary skills is a must for the global scope of Indian ventures. These goals have been placed on hold because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has affected higher education around the world. In India, it halted the implementation of visionary provisions of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It has led to unanticipated challenges in continuing the educational activities as Indian higher education continues to suffer from inadequate access to technology. As such, this review paper discusses Indian higher education from a historical perspective to the current situation, with a special focus on NEP 2020 modifications that are have been proposed to improve the education system. It primarily concentrates on the difficulties that Indian higher education faced in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper also explored the opportunities and the necessary adjustments and alterations that may be needed for a smooth and qualitative delivery of higher education in light of visionary NEP 2020 provisions. ©Authors.

High SARS CoV2 antibody-prevalence among health care workers with variable exposure to COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional university hospital study

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the pattern of medical services changed to minimize transmission to health care workers (HCWs) or hospitalized patients. Despite the care of COVID-19 patients in a special ward, new cases are accidentally discovered. This study aimed at determining the antibody seroprevalence among asymptomatic HCWs and the associated risks. Methods: The study involved 190 participants, including physicians, nurses, technicians, and administrative staff. All were inquired for sociodemographic, specialty, previous isolation, and previous infection, and their blood was tested for SARS-CoV2 antibody. Results: Of 190 HCWs;72,1% were females, the mean age was 32.6±7.9 years, 10.5% were smokers, and 15.8% reported co-morbid illness. SARS CoV2 antibodies were found in 68 (35.8%);being IgG, IgM and both IgM and IgG in 47 (69.1%), 10 (14.7%) and 11 (16.2%) participants respectively. The prevalence was higher (47.6%) among HCWs of the COVID unit, [OR=1.7 (95% CI: 0.69-4.3)] and HCWs with previous COVID-19, OR:1.61 (95% CI:0.88-2.94). The prevalence was significantly lower among smokers (p=0.049), OR:0.29 (95% CI:0.08-1.01), and significantly higher in HCWs who recalled cough (p=0.036) OR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.05-3.69). The likelihood of antibody seropositivity increased in technicians [OR:2.02 (95% CI: 0.92-4.44)], followed by physicians [OR:1.7 (95% CI: 0.7-4.33)] while the odds ratio was low among nurses [OR:0.58 (95% CI: 0.32-1.07). Conclusion: A considerable proportion of antibody positive HCWs had evidence of past SARS CoV2. Provision of adequate personal protective equipment and periodic screening of HCWs are urgently needed to lessen the transmission within the health care settings. © 2020 The author (s).

Improving Content Knowledge and Technological Skill of University Instructors: A Case Study for Online Learning Implementation during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

The objectives of this study were to investigate and improve the university instructor's content knowledge and technological skills relating to digital learning. The research participants involved 260 lecturers from eleven education departments that teach 260 subject matters at a private university in NTB Province, Indonesia. We verified the instructor's content knowledge through the availability of course materials suitable to students' competencies needed and their potential. Then, it identified the instructor's skill in using information and communications technology (ICT) devices and analyzed the data. Enforcing an online learning workshop for the instructors who still had low digital knowledge, we evaluated their efforts during workshop activities. This research found that in the online learning process during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, the lecturers' course material preparation was generally unsatisfactory, even though they had good competencies in the use of ICT tools. This study gave information that the instructors who had abilities to digital devices did not automatically provide good services in online learning and technology adaptation processing for students. Fortunately, by training lecturers in the e-learning platform, the institution's efforts have to be successful in solving this problem. The training approach appertained dealing with the content knowledge improvement could affect their productivity in creating the learning media based on ICT and the presentation to be interesting. The instructors could enrich the content quality. The simulation exercise of the e-learning platform improved the instructors' competency related to the benefits of e-learning devices, the arranging of course materials, and students' learning activities management. For future development, we suggest that the institution must provide progressive support and training to ensure the continuity of online learning in the university. © 2022, City University of Hong Kong Press. All rights reserved.

Detection of COVID-19 in High Resolution Computed Tomography Using Vision Transformer

In the current pandemic, precise and early diagnose of COVID-19 patient remained a crucial task for control of the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the healthcare sector. Due to the unexpected spike in COVID-19 cases, the majority of countries have experienced scarcity and poor testing rate. Chest X-rays and CT scans have been discussed in the literature as a viable source of testing for COVID-19 disease in patients. However, manually reviewing the CT and x-ray images is time-consuming and prone to error. Taking account into these constraints and the improvements in data science, this research proposed a Vision Transformer-based deep learning pipeline for COVID-19 diagnose from CT-based imaging. Due to the scarcity of large data sets, three open-source datasets of CT scans are pooled to generate 27370 images of covid and non- covid individuals. The proposed vision transformer-based model accurately diagnoses COVID-19 from normal chest CT images with an accuracy of 98 percent. This research would assist the practitioner, radiologist and doctors in early and accurate diagnose of COVID-19. © 2022 IEEE.

Local Governments' Financial Accountability Responses in Critical Time: Reflection from Intergovernmental Management in Indonesia During the Early Covid-19 Pandemic

The article aims to analyze the complexity of financial accountability initiatives at the local level during the Covid-19 pandemics. Research on government accountability during Covid-19 shows how covid-19 have laid bare the fragility of governance process in various countries including Indonesia. The pandemic reveals how several governments do not have sufficient accountability measures in handling critical times. One worthy cause of government lackluster accountability stems from the emergency nature of the Covid-19 pandemic in which governments immediately create short time policies to reduce the spread of Covid-19 on the expense of accountability measures. Our case study is derived from the experience of two local governments in Indonesia and is illustrative to show the weak coordination mechanism to ensure financial accountability during Covid-19 pandemic. We find that local governments have different mechanisms and capacities to conduct financial accountability measures. In place with larger administrative capacity, the financial accountability mechanism involves more mitigation process which eventually leads to more scrutiny and accountability. In contrast, those with lower administrative capacity and more political fragmentation faces challenges to enforce financial accountability measures due to low coordination among local government units. © 2023 Warsono et al.

Floating Structure Integrity Management Program (FSIMP) Towards Digitalization

The objective of the paper is to demonstrate digitalization of Floating Structures Integrity Management Program (FSIMP) and its application for the structural integrity of floating structure assets. The framework of FSIMP is being developed by adopting Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methodology and complemented with technical know-how and industry best-practices. Implementing the methodology provides strategic planning for maintenance by reducing the anticipated risk. Hence, ensuring uninterrupted service of the floating structure assets throughout the service life. This paper presents a systematic approach for digitalization of the integrity management program for a nominated floating structure asset. The methodology offers a procedure to acquire necessary data management gathering, risk assessment, and RBI survey plan to maintain the structural integrity in the centralized web-based platform of FSIMP. RBI process is adopted into the FSIMP to investigate all deterioration and failure mechanisms. These structures will be identified by qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods. The implementation of FSIMP offers a wide range of capabilities in structural integrity management such as integrating all floating structure fleet assets in a single dashboard of web-based platform, clear line of sight for reliable structural integrity, and an holistic overview across all levels of management. FSIMP with RBI methodology evaluates all data gathering to optimize inspection resources based on the risk assessment through an optimum combination of inspection methods and frequencies. The whole process is aligned to the requirements from Classification to ensure reliability for continuous operations. It also observes the essential need of digitalization for FSIMP during the time of post-COVID19 pandemic and the ever-expanding offshore oil, gas and energy frontiers that demand the adoption of new and advanced technologies, especially in the field of digitalization. It is shown that FSIMP has great potential as a digitalization tool and system to integrate with the RBI risk assessment that aligns to the requirements from Classification. It is strategically to maximize the effectiveness and improved efficiency for inspection and monitoring plan. The paper provides information on the solution of digitalization to the Floating Structures Integrity Management Program (FSIMP) in ensuring that the integrity of floating structure asset during the service life is intact for continuous operation and a holistic overview for all the assigned fleet assets in a centralized dashboard web-based platform. In addition to that, RBI is as added benefit to the FSIMP with its structure methodology of data evaluation and risk assessment in order to objectively optimizing inspection and maintenance resources. Copyright © 2023, International Petroleum Technology Conference.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines from A to Z: A review of the current challenges

COVID-19 pandemic is a major worldwide health disaster firstly reported in December 2019. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has offered the public hope of halting it, authorizing vaccinations for emergency use with more than 85% efficacy against serious acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 variations including spike-protein mutations, the key vaccines viral target for immune response, have prompted a thorough investigation into the vaccine's long-term effectiveness. Consequently, this review assayed the details on SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism and how to control the infection by different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and their effectiveness against other mutant strains. Additionally, the review summarized the different complaints which have been recorded after vaccination. In conclusion, these negative effects must be constantly weighed against the predicted advantages in terms of disease prevention. Although COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for everyone aged 5 years and older, SARS-CoV-2 is high likely to continue to be a pandemic infectious as a result of the broadcasting of variants of the virus. Therefore, a booster vaccination, wearing a mask, and social distancing should be maintained. © 2023 Global NEST.